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Tuesday, September 27th, 2011
2:48 pm	his cheap ugg boots uk life, Robesons half hatchetsC along with alcohol built also the Manivihara and founded three viharas destroying the temple of the gods the Gokanna, Erukavilla, and another in the village of the Brahman Kalanda',, In a note below Geiger the official translator of the Mahavamsa, states, "according to the Tika, the Gokanna Vihara is situated on the coast of the Eastern sea, the two other Viharas in Ruhuna, the Tika also adds everywhere in original ugg boots the Island of Lanka he established the doctrine of the Buddha having destroyed the temples of the unbelievers, i,e, having abolished the Phallic symbols of Siva and cheap ugg boots sale so forth", In his foot note quoting the Pali version of the Tika Geiger clarifies that King Mahasen destroyed symbols of Siva:,,"Evam sabbaththa Lankadipamhi kuditthikAnam Alayam viddhaamesetvA, SivalingadAyo nAsetvA buddhasAsanam eva patittahapesi"If what the Tika says is to be accepted, Ruhuna and the Eastern coast would appear to have been early homes of Saivaism, the Tamil religion par excellence,, The authors of the Pali Chronicles and the monk author of the later 13th century AD Tika were Buddhist priests, who at that time were the bitterest opponents of Saivaism and those who supported it in Sri Lanka, as we see from their writings,, The truth and accuracy of the statements made by the commentator cannot be verified,, It has however been pointed out that the unknown writer of the Tika (who also mentioned about the mysterycal Ol Man River, the theme song of the play, Showboat, which later became a movie musical, Robeson's spirituals became widely known and appreciated, By the 1930's he often refused to sing before segregated audiences, During his travels to Europe, where he lived for 11 years in the late 1920's to the late 1930's, Robeson visited Russia, There he won the International Stalin Peace Prize in 1952 during the McCarthy years, which brought him to the attention of the anti-communist committee hearings in the Senate during those years, Although Robeson declared that he was a socialist, as opposed to communist, but he was painted with the brush of the latter, Concert dates were cancelled, and Robeson became vilified to the extent that he was seldom given much press or recognition for later achievements, Robeson's passport had been taken away from him in 1950 so that he had been unable to leave the country until the Supreme Court ruling on another case like his and his passport restored, By then he had lost his status and his money, became seriously depressed, and tried twice to commit suicide, according to a music historian who wrote about his life, RobesonScandinavian Design' an international concept, He also advocated the use of the super ellipse curve in city planning,When German forces invaded Denmark during the Second World War, Piet Hein, who was an anti-Nazi union leader, was forced to go into hiding, It was while in hiding that he started writing short poems, otherwise known as Grooks (Gruk in Danish), These were published in a Danish daily, under the pen name Kumbel, Many of the poems were political in nature and contained subtle references to his anti-Nazi stance, Piet Hein went on to write thousand and thousands of poems, and even learnt several other languages so as to translate them himself,It can be concluded that Piet Hein was neither a scientist nor an artist, but a combination of the two, His creations show that he was always attempting to reconcile the C The Demon Wigmaker of Rue de la Harpe,You can find more information about this story including the full bibliography at, sites,google /site/sweeneytoddhistoire/ Women's Movement and the Dalit Movement in India language borders, because of translation, parliamentary decisions and policies made in new Delhi percolate to the back-of-beyond village through the various media and the government machinery because of translation,Translation is the invisible but central nervous system that has sustained a multilingual democracy such as ours,Given the contentious and complex multilingual ecology of the land, India constitutes perhaps the richest database for Translation Studies in the world, There is imagined Tamil presence' in the country in the past comparable to the weight of preponderant evidence of the existence of Sinhala element, I will leave it to the intelligent readers to decide,,4,,,,,, Mahavamsa Myth and its Implications in today's contextMr, Bandu De Silva's main argument was how Mahavamsa can be connected to the present ethnic issue/debate and how it can be attributed to the present day ultra-nationalist chauvinism in Sri Lanka, Even though I have said enough on this issue (above) and in my article, how the present day Sinhala-Buddhists accrued the Mahavamsa mindset (the fusion between Mahavamsa and the present day Sinhala-Buddhists), let me further elaborate on how the fusion took place,,4,1, Imaginary BuddhaMore than thousand years after the Parinibbana (passing away) of Lord Buddha the Mahavamsa has created an imaginary Buddha (Mahavamsa Buddha) who,Made three magical visits to Sri Lanka paving the ugg boots sale ukway for his Dhamma to prevail in the island in the future for a full 5000 years, (Today, the Sinhala-Buddhists believe, Sri Lanka is a Ol Man River, the theme song of the play, Showboat, which later became a movie musical, Robeson's spirituals became widely known and appreciated, By the 1930's he often refused to sing before segregated audiences, During his travels to Europe, where he lived for 11 years in the late 1920's to the late 1930's, Robeson visited Ugg Boots on Sale uk Russia, There he won the International Stalin Peace Prize in 1952 during the McCarthy years, which brought him to the attention of the anti-communist committee hearings in the Senate during those years, Although Robeson declared that he was a socialist, as opposed to communist, but he was painted with the brush of the latter, Concert dates were cancelled, and Robeson became vilified to the extent that he was seldom given much press or recognition for later achievements, Robeson's passport had been taken away from him in 1950 so that he had been unable to leave the country until the Supreme Court ruling on another case like his and his passport restored, By then he had lost his status and his money, became seriously depressed, and tried twice to commit suicide, according to a music historian who wrote about his cheap ugg boots uk life, Robesons security comes under Bisiluro' race car which he had designed himself, He also redesigned the http://writernia.com/node/215479 http://writernia.com/node/215489 http://writernia.com/node/215487 http://writernia.com/node/215485 http://writernia.com/node/215483 http://writernia.com/node/215481 (Comment on this)
2:48 pm	aristocrats cheap ugg boots uk who is Barack Obamas Letters (1724) and A Modest Proposal (1729), It was at this time too that he began to write what would become the world famous Gullivers rival Aife by making her pregnant, Cuchualinn returned from Scotland to win his prize but Forgall still refused to allow the match, Cuchulainn stormed australia ugg sale uk his fortress capturing Emer and killing Forgall and his personal bodyguard in the process, Emers membership because the buy cheap uggs coup ousted a civilian government, After assuming power, Musharrafs leadership Pakistan began to rearrange its national life, Bhutto nationalized the basic industries, insurance companies, domestically owned banks, and schools and colleges, He also instituted land reforms that benefited tenants and middle-class farmers, He removed the armed forces from the process of decision making, but to placate the generals he allocated about 6 percent of the gross national product to ugg boots sale uk defense, In July 1972 Bhutto negotiated the Simla Agreement, which confirmed a line of control dividing Kashm,r and prompted the withdrawal of Indian troops from Pakistani territory, In April 1972 Bhutto lifted martial law and convened the National Assembly, which consisted of members elected from West Pakistan in 1970, After much political debate, the legislature drafted the country Demel' are mentioned as a group of people living in the island, ,During Sena I ((833-853) and Kassapa IV (899-914), there are definite epigraphic reference ugg boots sale to Tamil villages and lands, Demel-Kaballa (Tamil allotment), Demelat-valademin (Tamil lands), Demel-gam-bim (Tamil villages & lands), Demal-Kinigam, Demelin-hetihaya, etc, The presence of Tamils in the island Sri Lanka in the early historic period is not denied even in the Pali chronicles,The present day historian Prof, Sudharshan Seneviratne says, "there is no mention of the word Sihala or Sinhala ethnicity in the thousand odd short inscriptions that come to us from this period, but on the contrary, a vast majority of the host of clan names and titles that we come across in these inscriptions only show affinities with the clans of the ancient Tamil country",,3,2, Lack of Sinhala PresenceAs I clearly said in my article with sufficient reasoning, thousands of Prakrit (Sanskrit) stone inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered during the early period, but not a single archaeological/epigraphical evidence has been found within or outside Sri Lanka to prove 100 and an annual rent of Sinhala' existed until the 8th/9th century AD, Most probably, the Hela/Sinhala race would have started evolving (assimilating the Buddhist Nagas, Damelas, and others) only from the 5th/6th century AD after the foundation was laid by the Mahavihara Buddhist monks and the Theravada Buddhist kings, Since there was NO Sinhala in Sri Lanka until the Mahavihara monks mentioned it for the first time in the 5th/6th century AD, in order to create the Sinhala identity (to sustain Buddhism in Lanka) the term Sinhala may have been adopted from the Indian epic Mahabharata which predates the Mahavansa by many centuries, The Mahabharata talks of Sinhalas as the barbarous mlecchas, the natives of Lanka in its Book 1, Chapter 177, in Book 2, Chapter 33 & 51, and in Book 7, Chapter 20, However, the Sinhalas mentioned in the Mahabharata is totally different from the Sinhalas that the Mahavihara monks created (Lion myth) in the 5th century AD, A Tamil inscription found in a Hindu temple in South India during the Rajaraja Chola 1 (10th/11th AD) also has a very similar statement like what was found in the Mahabaratha with a slight variation, referring to Lanka it say, "the land of the warlike Singalas',,,This is what B, C, Law says referring to the authors of these Chronicles s annual session, held that year at Lahore, in which the League made its first official demand for the partition of India, The Lahore Resolution called for an independent, sovereign Muslim state, During preindependence talks in 1946, the British government found that the stand of the Muslim League on separation and that of the Congress on the territorial unity of India were irreconcilable, The British then decided on partition and cheap ugg boots on August 14, 1947, granted independence to Pakistan, India gained its independence the next day, They both became independent dominions within the Commonwealth of Nations, Pakistan came into existence in two parts: West Pakistan, coextensive with the countryNeill of Cenel Eogain as King of Ireland, Although the agreement floundered soon after it was a revolutionary move by the Irish kings, As was their soundings to King Haakon of Norway to come to Ireland and become their leader against the Normans, The Norman conquest was never completed by and by 1300 it was a drawn battle with the Normans controlling most of the country, Russell Shortt is a travel consultant with Exploring Ireland, the leading specialists in customised, private escorted tours, escorted coach tours and independent self drive tours of Ireland, Article source: exploringireland How to Brainstorm the Beginning of a Fantasy Novel When an author begins to create a new novel, it is incumbent upon them to determine the scope of the plot and to decide how in depth they wish to go with the detailing of the world, In this article we will provide an example of the question and answer process that can often help an author determine the nature of his fantasy novel,So the novel begins with an orc fleeing from a rival clan, He's lost his power base, has nobody to turn to, so he flees up into the mountains, ever higher to evade them, Why has he lost his power base, Somebody must have died that was providing him protection, and with their death his clan has been dispersed, all the young males being scattered and their women taken,What are the key kinds of relationship, There is blood relationship within your immediate clan, and then more tenuously with your tribe, whatever its size, Then a bunch of tribes form a great tribe, There are two kinds of relatives--blood relatives, and honor relatives which are basically blood pacts, blood brothers, There are also the aristocrats cheap ugg boots uk (white bones) and the commoners (black bones), which is the essence of the social system, You can call upon family, clan, tribe or whatever for help, but whether they help or not depends on your own standing, power and authority, Basically having the relationship gives you the technical ability to make the call, but once made, your personal rep will determine if they respond, Their responding in effect is a vote in your favor, while not showing means they are voting against,The highland orcs live by raiding and hunting, They often steal their wives from the lowland orcs or more rarely each other, They are few in number, but much more powerful and martial than their cousins, These then seek retribution, but often fail,So our orc's father was powerful, but had many enemies, It was his own power that held them back, but also prevented him from ever growing into a leader because nobody liked him or would follow him, When he is killed by an enemy tribe, the sons inherit the sins of the father and all the grudges directed at him, The tribe of his mother comes for retribution, H,E,P, Man of the month http://writernia.com/node/215479 http://writernia.com/node/215489 http://writernia.com/node/215487 http://writernia.com/node/215485 http://writernia.com/node/215483 http://writernia.com/node/215481 (Comment on this)
2:48 pm	Buddha did ugg boots uknot direct Elu/Helu' and later Butcher of The Somme' because although millions of men died Haig had already warned Britain that there would be a large sum of casualties and comparing the First World War to the Second World War there were three times as many deaths,But I do question why he used the big push, after all the millions that died the British had advanced only five miles beyond the Western Front, Also Haig should have given more care towards the soldiers as some died within the trenches due to poor conditions, Hammock Swings & How They Came About Well I guess I'll start off by saying that history is an iffy subject, There are many opinions involved and many opinions left out, Some things are better left to our gut feeling which is almost always the best path to follow,If you look in a dictionary you may see many different variations of the word hammock, depending on the version you look at I presume, This indicates how long it took the English language to figure out how to spell the word, The origin of the hammock swings I believe dates back to pre-Columbian antiquity, somewhere between southern Brazil and central Mexico, The hammock swings would be an ideal option for these types of climates, Just the fact that they are off the ground, with the wind being able to blow through and all around you would make one feel more pampered from the hot sun,When the serendipitous tides brought Columbus to the New World, he saw hamacs of cotton on the Island of Exuma, near San Salvador in the Bahamas,* This would then catch on as a trend to the navies of Europe, One naval man in his Sailors World Book , says: "Hammock: A swinging sea-bed, the undisputed invention of Alcibiades; but the modern name is derived from the carribs,,"These hammocks played an enormous role in the seventeenth and eighteenth century warships, First off the warships require a considerable amount of people and there habitations were limited to a narrow space in their sleeping quarters, The hammock swings allowed them to crowd the beds together as close as possible, sometimes as close as 14 inches, They strung the hammocks from one side of the ship to the other nearly throughout the whole length of the ship allowing the only passage through by leaning beneath them, Another benefit of the hammock swings was the ease of taking them down in case of an emergency, When they were to battle with the canons they would have to quickly remove all the hammock swings and be ready for whatever it was, So these hammocks would allow the 3 decker ships to sleep 800 men fairly comfortably and then be ready to clear instantly for action,The hammocks were also used to bury the deceased in the deep-sea below, They were sewn into the hammock swings and weighted with shot, They would have whatever ceremony they had and then dumped into the deep abyss,Then late in the nineteenth century, more comfortable hammock swings were imported to Europe and the United States from Brazil and Mexico, They improved the style of the hammocks and then later on started using different materials for different levels of comfort and durability, We now have many varieties of hammock swings, They have seemed to become a symbol of leisure in our day,, The gentle rocking motion seems to calm one down and help put your mind at ease, Introduction to the Thirty Years' War The Thirty Year's War was fought over a vast number of complex issues, concerning the territories in Germany but also involving almost every European power, The variety of issues could probably be split into religious and political themes but I have refrained from making such a rift and will discuss the reasons behind each particular nation's involvement in the war because this gives a better reflection of the inextricably interwoven nature of the issues involved,The Bohemian crisis is traditionally seen as the starting point of the war, The Emperor Rudolf had granted religious equality to freedom of worship by the Letter of Majesty to many Protestant Bohemian nobles by 1609, In 1612 Matthias became Emperor and he was determined to whittle away the privileges granted to Bohemians and in 1617 he secured the election of his cousin Archduke Ferdinand to the throne of Bohemia, Although he swore to observe the Letter of Majesty he was a devout Catholic who would rather ' beg his bread from door to door than suffer a single insult to the true religion' i,e, Catholicism, The Catholics had a majority in the ruling council and they ordered the restoration of all church lands seized by the Protestants, This unleashed a storm of anti-Hapsburg feeling which culminated in the Defenestration of Prague which sparked off a widespread Protestant rising,A Directory was set up and Frederick the Elector Palatine accepted the crown but he received little assistance from other Protestant territories, Spinola captured the Lower Palatine for the Hapsburgs, the Saxon elector John George seized Lusatia and Frederick's forces were crushed by the Emperor at the Battle of White Mountain, Meanwhile Maximilian of Bavaria's general Tilly captured the Upper Palatine, The complexity of the issues involved can be seen from this brief narrative, On the religious front we can see Ferdinand trying to undermine the Protestant base of Czech nationalism but the division is not as clear cut as that, Frederick was in a weak position because the Slavs who were predominantly Hussite were suspicious of Frederick's Calvinism as were many Lutherans, Many Protestant states has not given Frederick any aid and indeed the Lutheran John George had invaded Lusatia, This shows politics and territorial acquisition played a large part in the Thirty Years' War, Indeed the devout Catholic Maximilian of Bavaria had only entered the war on Ferdinand's side because he was tempted by the territory of the Palatinate and the electoral title that went with it, Economic issues also played a part in the crisis,The activities of Rudolf II and Ferdinand II had posed a considerable threat to material interests of the Protestant nobility, The Letter of Majesty had made no mention of the legal rights of Protestants living on ecclesiastical lands and many saw the church as an economic power in a religious guise, Thus we can see that economic, social and political issues were inextricably intertwined in the first phase of the Thirty Years' War,The Danish PhaseThough he had been successful Ferdinand was unable to relax his efforts because Richelieu had risen in France which led to the revival of Henry IV's anti-Habsburg policy but of perhaps more immediate significance was the attitude of Christian IV King of Denmark and Norway, who really wished to outrival Gustavus Adolphus of the Dominicium maris Baltici, Christian was also the Duke of Holstein in North Germany and he wished to secure the northern sections of the Elbe and Oder as well as the economically important towns of Hamburg and Lubeck to enhance Denmark's monopoly of Baltic commerce, He was elected President of the Lower Saxon Circle to provide protection for their 'liberties' and he invaded Germany as his general Mansfield invaded Bohemia, Unfortunately for Christian Mansfield was defeated by Wallenstein as Dessau and Tilly beat Christian at Lutter in 1626, There was no longer any question of a Protestant offensive and Wallenstein took the initiative and overran the Danish mainland, took Wismar and Rostock and forced the Treaty of Lubeck on Christian,Once more we see the interaction of a number of issues in the Danish phase of the war, Christian was a Protestant and possessed a certain degree of confessional convictions alongside his personal ambition, Economic and political motives had persuaded him to seek control of vital towns in North Germany, Although the bulk of the fighting had taken place in Germany the issues involved covered extra-German interests in this case Danes rivalry with Sweden, The complexity of the religious and strategic interest is illustrated clearly by the 1629 Edict of Restitution which followed the Dane's defeat, by which Ferdinand ordered the return of all church property that had been secularized since 1555, as this included the Archbishoprics of Magdeburg and Bremen and many other less important bishoprics its transfer would destroy the supremacy of Protestantism in Northern Germany, However, many Roman Catholic princes resented the fact that the Emperor had acted without consulting them and the imperial prerogatives of the Emperor seemed to threaten all princes of whatever religion, This attitude was shown in the Diet of Ratisbon in July 1630, It was decided that Wallenstein should be dismissed and the election of Ferdinand's son to become King of the Romans was postponed, No agreement seems to have been reached on the Edict of Restitution and this was sure to persuade many princes to aid Gustavus Adolphus,However, the Diet of Ratisbon also shows the broader issues involved in the Thirsty Years' War, Franco-Spanish rivalry for the throne of Mantua had been discussed and the French candidate Nevers had been accepted but France lost vital fortresses and the chance to interfere in Imperial affairs, Indeed Northern Italy had been a centre of trouble between France and Spain even before the Valtelline dispute which had threatened to bring France, Venice and Savoy into a war with Spain is Northern Italy, The Spaniards had to uphold their interests in this vital strategic area which comprised one section of the Spanish Road, Indeed the Alpine valleys became a 'volcano of political, linguistic and religious instability', This example helps us to remember that although much of the actual fighting in the Thirty Years' War was done in Germany cheap uggs some of the issues involved had little or nothing to do with Germany, However, at the same time I think it is important to achieve a balanced view of the issues involved and although Spain was primarily concerned with territory outside the immediate confines of Germany many of the issues were directly related to German interests and the defense of 'German liberties',The Swedish PhaseThe interlocking issues are evident when we study Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden's motives for entering the war, Gustavus sent John Salvius to various North German courts to emphasize the dangers of Ferdinand II's autocratic policy to the constitutional liberties of the German Estates and Gustavus was to be represented as the savior of Protestant Germany, Diplomatically Gustavus claimed that his motives in participating in the Thirty Years' War were to relive the 'oppressed brothers' of Protestantism, In fact Gustavus had really been goaded into the war by Wallenstein who was aiding Sweden's enemies, the Poles under Sigismund, Gustavus aimed at dominating all German ports and at occupying the north German coastline to protect himself from Habsburg influence, He had written 'Pomerania and the Baltic Coast are the outworks of Sweden - they are our guarantee against the Emperor', As well as such a guarantee of security Gustavus also sought the control of the mouths of the Elbe, Wesser and Oder whose trade would enrich Sweden,Thus we have a variety of issues, politics combined with religion because religious security could only be maintained by landed possessions, The brunt of the fighting between Sweden and the Emperor was bourne in Germany but the war was not exclusively over German interests because the control of north Germany was closely linked to Gustavus' will to destroy Poland as well as dominate the north of Europe, Gustavus' campaign was initially rapid and victorious, In 1631 he stormed Frankfurt -am - Oder and smashed Tilly's army at Breitenfeld near Leipzig in September 1631, Wurzburg, Frakfurt-am-Main and Mainz fell and in 1632 Gustavus captured Munich but he was unfortunately killed at the battle of Lutzen in 1632,The death of Gustavus confused the issues and Richelieu had to take the initiative against the Habsburgs by forming the League of Heilbron but its forces were annihilated in 1634 at Nordlingen and the Emperor forced the Treaty of Prague on the Protestant princes by which a general amnesty was agreed and the terms of the Edict of Restitution were relaxed as 1627 rather than 1555 was to be the determining year for the ownership of ecclesiastical lands, The Treaty of Prague shows both the complexity of issues involved and that the Thirty Years' War was not just a German affair, The dominant theme of the war was now to be the Bourbon-Habsburg struggle, The war continued mainly because of France's involvement and Spain feared that a settlement might release Protestant troops to help the Dutch, Oxenstierna - the Chancellor of Sweden was also determined to make significant gains for Sweden, The Treaty of Compiegre was signed between France and Sweden and the war was prolonged, France suffered a number of reversals in 1636 but with their Swedish allies they took the offensive, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, an ally of Sweden seized Rheinfelden and Breisach which severed the Spanish Road, Spain was heavily defeated in a naval battle against the Dutch and in 1640 revolts broke out in Portugal and Catalonia, The Habsburgs and their allies were crushed in 1645 at the Battle of Jankau and at Lens in 1648, However, France and Spain could not press for total victory because all combatants were exhausted and peace negotiations were brought to a conclusion at Munster and Osnabruck, I feel that some detailed analysis of the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 is required to show that the Thirty Years' War was not just fought over exclusively German issues, It is true that most of the clauses refer to German affairs but not the exclusion of French and Swedish interests,The Treaty of WestphaliaWithin the Empire the 343 separate states and free cities were all recognized as being free to control their own affairs independently of each other and the Emperor and the principle of cuius regio, eius religio was reaffirmed and Calvinism recognized as an official alternative to Lutheranism, Alongside this the retention of all land secularized before 1624 was permitted, From this we can see that religion and territorial acquisition were major issues involved in the conflict , Ferdinand III retained Bohemia, Maximilian of Bavaria became an elector and gained the Upper Palatinate while Charles Louis was restored to the Lower Palatinate and Saxony and Brandenburg gained various territories, Outside Germany the French candidate the Duke of Nevers was recognized as the ruler of Mantua, Montferrat and Casale - a clear illustration that northern Italy too was embroiled in the Thirty Years' War which shows that although the bulk of fighting took place in Germany, conflicts did take place elsewhere, Sweden and France gained various strategic territory within Germany which greatly increased their strength, Perhaps the most glaring omission from the Treaty of Westphalia was any form of settlement between France and Spain,Spain had conceded Dutch independence in 1648 but she reached no agreement with France and war continued until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, Similarly in northern Europe the treaty had not settled the conflicts in the Baltics even if it had established Sweden as the dominant power there, It is only when we consider such issues that we realize that it is absurd to try and confine the Thirty Years' War to Germany, Indeed it could be argued that it was the first global war because fighting had raged from Pernambuco to Russia, Also the actual length of conflict is surely in question, If we interpret the Thirty Years' War as running from 1618 to 1648 then most of the issues were decided in Germany but not exclusively so,, However, the Thirty Years' War was an integral part of a much longer conflict which ranged from the Julich-Cleves succession crisis of 1609 to the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 at the very least, However, in trying to argue the international character of the war we must remember that as CV Wedgewood said 'arch of European politics rested on the key stone of Germany',When considering the question of issues involved in the war I feel we are confronted by a vast tangled web of motives or various nations for fighting and no issue seems clear cut or well defined, Religion was certainly one of the issues involved but it can hardly be argued that it was the Crusade of the Protestants against the forces of the Counter Reformation, Perhaps since there had been no major war within Germany since 1555 when a form of religious compromise had been reached as Augsburg this suggests that religion played a vital role in the war because such a compromise was undermined by several factors, Calvinism had become established in the Palatinate and was becoming increasingly militant and anti-Catholic and Bohemia provided an explosive situation as the Emperor attempted to enforce Catholicism and removed the religious base of Czech nationalism, In addition there were certain actions throughout the war that were inspired by religion such as the issue of the Edict of Restitution and Tilly's annihilation of Magdeburg, Against this I can say that the confessional divisions were never clear,Many Protestant states had refused to help Bohemia which was clearly a political decision and even when Protestant states were in general cooperation in the 1630s they were not only helped by Lutheran Sweden but by Catholic France, The list of anomalies is seemingly endless -hence we see Pope Urban VIII admiring the Protestant champion Gustavus Adolphus who was causing problems for the Papacy's sometimes rival the Emperor, Lastly when the Catholic's fortunes were further in decline and the Imperial cause seemed to be lost two Protestant powers Sweden and Denmark went to war with each other over rival claims in the Baltic which delayed Swedish assistance to France and delayed the final thrust, Despite the obvious importance of religious issues - and I feel it is difficult to deny their importance because many of the principle characters in the Thirsty Years' War were inspired by religious reasoning e,g, Ferdinand II and his Jesuit confessor Lamormaini and Frederick the Elector Palatine; such issues were not the only ones at stake, Within Germany the war could be seen to a certain extent to be a contest of the Emperor's authority against the princes - not just concerning religion - but whether the Emperor was to be head of a unified monarchy or a titular president of a federation, In practice, religion, politics and economics were inextricably entangled - for some leaders such as Philip III spiritual and secular considerations were fused while for others religion was a form of justification for devious diplomacy and cynical political decisions, To complicate the religious issues there was also a conflict for hegemony within the various faiths e,g, between France, Spain and the Papacy, However, perhaps historians have an obsessive preoccupation with religious and political issues when dealing with the Thirty Years' War,What about socio-economic factors , Polisenky for example thinks the war could be largely due to a crisis of an old feudal ruling class - the situation is illustrated by Bohemia, Rudolf II and Ferdinand II, I have already stated, posed a threat to the national interests of the Protestant nobility but Polisensky develops the argument into a clash between authentic ugg boots an embryonic bourgeois society and a feudal Catholic one which reflected the European wide situation, I think these types of argument really pre-date the true existence of class but at the same time I feel that economic issues could play a vital role in the war - both in its inception and continuation, Let me cite a few example - Bohemia was an importance source of wealth and an a focal point of many trans-European trade routes - such a valuable asset could not pass from the Habsburg camp into the hands of a potential enemy without resistance, Other economically motivated ideas inspired Sweden, Denmark and other powers to intervene in the war and in Sweden's case she could not stop fighting until adequate compensation had been obtained, In conclusion the statement 'A war in Germany , but not about Germany' is only partially correct, To deny the importance of Germany is absurd but at the same time we should remember the geographical extent of the war, France, Poland, Russia, Denmark, Transylvania and Sweden all helped to make the conflagration almost Europe wide while Holland and Spain helped to make it almost worldwide; nor were the issues involved simply confined to Germany but involved almost every power in Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century,Dr Simon Harding chronosconsulting chronos,es biblon The influenza epidemic of 1918 "Obey the laws and wear gauze, Protect your jaws from septic paws,the Spirit is of the marvels of my Lord; the Spirit is of the command of my Lord, that is, it belongs to His knowledge, about which you know not, And of knowledge you have not been given except a littleC to take part in the two-way gesture, Students who are burnt out from their college education C and one who is consenting Eeswararms' of Siva before the arrival of Thero Mahinda because until now, even with all the latest advanced technology, discount uggs uk there is no proper archaeological research conducted on them,,The worship of Siva was prevalent in Sri Lanka from even before the mission of Mahinda UGG Australia on sale in the 3rd century BC, the mission that resulted in king Tissa of Anuradapura and many of his subjects being converted to Buddhism, After all, the father of this Anuradapura ruler was Muta Siva and his brother was Maha Siva whose names imply association with the worship of Siva, The numerous occurrences of the personal name Siva in the early Brahmi records and also in the early Pali chronicles leave us in no doubt that the cult of Siva was prevalent in the island, unless of course some etymologist/linguist comes up with a different meaning for the term Siva in the early Sri Lankan/Indian languages,,The earliest reference in the Pali Chronicles to the Saiva Shrine at Trincomalee is found in the Mahavamsa (Ch, XXXVII, vv, 40-44),, It states that Mahasens main intent was to prevent a chief governor in Ireland using the parliament for their own gains and to the Kingnot more than 200 years old' we have no other copies to check the authenticity of its contents,,Strangely, Buddha did ugg boots uknot direct Vijaya to the Nagas who had been so friendly to the Buddha when he visited the island just a few decades before Vijaya's landing, Soon after arrival, Vijaya and his followers were among the Yakkhas, But they did not mix with the local tribes, instead brought brides from Pandiya kingdom, Therefore the Sinhalese cannot be called Boomiputhra (sons of the soil) as some of the present day Sinhalese claim, Buddhism was introduced to the island only two centuries later, Ven, Mahanama does not seem to have noticed the contradiction,,Some historians and scholars have noted that some sections of the Mahavamsa deviates from the rest of Ven, Mahanama's work in style and content, The manner in which it is introduced gives the impression that it is a later interpolation, They believe that, the version of the Mahavamsa that the British found in the 19th century and translated into English, German and finally to Sinhala was the modified/revised version composed during the period when Tika was composed and the original Mahavamsa what Ven, Mahanama composed is either lost or destroyed,,Mahavamsa has written 11 chapters to praise the Buddhist King DutuGemunu, but unfortunately not a single word on the traditional meal of Irish bacon and cabbage,The First ParadeThe first St, Patrick's Day parade took place not in Ireland but in the United States, Irish soldiers serving in the English military marched through New York City on March 17, 1762, Along with their music, the parade helped the soldiers reconnect with their Irish roots, as well as fellow Irishmen serving in the English army,Over the next 35 years, Irish patriotism among American immigrants flourished, prompting the rise of so-called "Irish Aid" societies like the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick and the Hibernian Society, Each group would hold annual parades featuring bagpipes (which actually first became popular in the Scottish and British armies) and drums,In 1848, several New York Irish Aid societies decided to unite their parades to form one New York City St, Patrick's Day Parade, Today, that parade is the world 's oldest civilian parade and the largest in the United States, with over 150,000 participants,Each year, nearly three million people line the 1,5-mile parade route to watch the procession, which takes more than five hours, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia and Savannah also celebrate the day with parades involving between 10,000 and 20,000 participants,No Irish Need ApplyUp until the mid-19th century, most Irish immigrants in America were members of the Protestant middle class, When the Great Potato Famine hit Ireland in 1845, close to a million poor and uneducated Irish Catholics began pouring into America to escape starvation, Despised for their religious beliefs and funny accents by the American Protestant majority, the immigrants had trouble finding even menial jobs, When Irish Americans in the country's cities took to the streets on St, Patrick's Day to celebrate their heritage, newspapers portrayed them in cartoons as drunk, violent monkeys,However, the Irish soon began to realize that their great numbers endowed them with a political power that had yet to be exploited, They started to organize, and their voting block, known as the "green machine," became an important swing vote for political hopefuls, Suddenly, annual St, Patrick's Day parades became a show of strength for Irish Americans, as well as a must-attend event for a slew of political candidates, In 1948, President Truman attended New York City 's St, Patrick's Day parade, a proud moment for the many Irish whose ancestors had to fight stereotypes and racial prejudice to find acceptance in America,Wearing of the Green Goes GlobalToday, St, Patrick's Day is celebrated by people of all backgrounds in the United States, Canada and Australia, Although North America is home to the largest productions, St, Patrick's Day has been celebrated in other locations far from Ireland, including Japan, Singapore and Russia,In modern-day Ireland, St, Patrick's Day has traditionally been a religious occasion, In fact, up until the 1970s, Irish laws mandated that pubs be closed on March 17, Beginning in 1995, however, the Irish government began a national campaign to use St, Patrick's Day as an opportunity to drive tourism and showcase Ireland to the rest of the world, Last year, close to one million people took part in Ireland 's St, Patrick's Festival in Dublin, a multi-day celebration featuring parades, concerts, outdoor theater productions and fireworks shows,The Chicago RiverChicago is famous for a somewhat peculiar annual event: dyeing the Chicago River green, The tradition started in 1962, when city pollution-control workers used dyes to trace illegal sewage discharges and realized that the green dye might provide a unique way to celebrate the holiday, That year, they released 100 pounds of green vegetable dye into the riverHachette . http://writernia.com/node/215479 http://writernia.com/node/215489 http://writernia.com/node/215487 http://writernia.com/node/215485 http://writernia.com/node/215483 http://writernia.com/node/215481 (Comment on this)
2:48 pm	today ugg boots sale uk their descendents t realize is that the Orange or Orange uggs shop tree is regarded as the symbol of purity, fertility, love and chastity, It is also very often depicted in pictures with the Virgin Mary and sometimes depicted in pictures of the fall of man instead of an Apple tree, Random oranges are just as powerful and can be the symbol of fertility shown in a painting of ugg australia sale a marriage ceremony, Examples of this remarkable hidden symbol can be found in Jan van Eycks program had great appeal for many East Pakistanis, and in the December 1970 election called by Yahya, he won by a landslide in East Pakistan, capturing 160 seats discount uggs sale uk in the National Assembly, BhuttoElu/Helu' and later The War to end all wars', Haig was criticized once again as stopping Adolf Hitler was not worth the millions of young men's deaths, A book published called Bisiluro' race car which he had designed himself, He also redesigned the s military regime, Afghan refugees began to pour into Pakistan, After about a year, the United States responded to the crisis, In September 1981 Zia accepted a six-year economic and military aid package worth $3,2 billion from the United States, (The United States approved a second aid package worth $4,0 billion in 1986 but then suspended its disbursement in 1989 due to Pakistans Inns at the age of 26 and attended the Inns of Court in London, A member of the prominent Protestant Ascendancy, Tone was heavily influenced by the radicalism of the American and French revolutionaries, Tone argued that the only way to counteract British influence in Irish affairs was by parliamentary reform and that the only way to achieve this was if Irish Catholics and the Protestant radicals united in a reform programme that included Catholic emancipation, ToneI fight not for dominion but for the sake of the religion of Buddha,' The kingdom of Anuradapura was never known as Sinhala kingdom and none of the kings of Anuradapura called themselves as Sinhala,,,The early foreign traders from Arabia, Persia, Rome, China and so on called Sri Lanka by many different names uggs australia but NONE of them mentioned about the existence of a Sinhala Kingdom or a Sinhala nation, Not a single stone inscription/rock edict of neighboring,India (either South or North) that was always associated with the island's history mentioned about a Sinhala Kingdom or a Sinhala nation in Sri Lanka,,There is no doubt that the ethnic identity Vellalar Migration' theoryThe ethnic Tamils have found themselves in Sri Lanka in a political culture that promoted Buddhism from the beginning of written history, As a consequence, Tamils have assimilated into the Buddhist tribes at varying rates, During the last 2500 years, more Tamils and South Indians mixed with those who call themselves Sinhalese today than anybody else, If a comprehensive genetic study is conducted on the Sinhalese population, it will reveal this fact,,5,1, Colonial Aided colonizationIn the 16th century, the Portuguese colonized a large number of South Indians (mainly from Cochin in the Malabar coast/presently Kerala and from Tutucorin in the Coromandel Coast/presently Tamil Nadu) in the entire western coast of Sri ugg uk Lanka from Mannar to Matara, Of course, those settled in Mannar remained as Tamils but all others got converted to Sinhala Buddhists and Sinhala Catholics and today ugg boots sale uk their descendents (6th generation from the South) have become distinct, Samson & Delilah http://writernia.com/node/215479 http://writernia.com/node/215489 http://writernia.com/node/215487 http://writernia.com/node/215485 http://writernia.com/node/215483 http://writernia.com/node/215481 (Comment on this)
2:48 pm	Sri Lanka ugg boots uk which the restoration of the religion' and proclaimed s curse spread, When his yellow canary is eaten by the snake cobra, The complete story at King Tutankhamun In Bible versus Quran: who was Nicodemus, The Sons of the Lord God in Bible versus Quran (20) This is the 20th article (and the last one) of the series: "The Sons of the Lord God in Bible versus Quran" , The Bible says that the Lord Jesus said no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again of water and the Spirit and that which has been born of the Spirit is spirit, The Noble Quran says that the Spirit belongs to Allah's knowledge, about which you know not, Also the Quran replies the disbelievers who claim that the Angels are God's daughters; and also, the Quran answers the dualists who claim that Satan is Allah's partner, , It is interesting that the Bible claims that the Lord Jesus said that the wind blows wherever it pleases, you hear its sound, but you cannot tell where it comes from and you cannot tell where it goes, From the scientific point of view, winds are plotted on surface weather analyses indicating the direction the wind is blowing from as well as its strength, and over much of the globe wind speeds are measured over a ten-minute time frame, Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates and where it goes with the use of weather vanes, Everyday, the "Weather Forecasts" on TV, radio, newspaper etc, determine precisely the direction of the wind, where it comes from and where it goes, Hence, the Bible initiates an important question: Has the Lord Jesus refuted the climatology and the Wind Advisory, Has the Lord Jesus denied the Weather Forecasts, As a matter of fact, I do not believe that the Lord Jesus said that; He knows better than the Scientists, -------------------------------------------------------------------- , The Sons of the Lord God in the Bible (20) , The Bible (John 3:1-8) says: Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish ruling council, He came to Jesus at night and said, "Rabbi, we know you are a teacher who has come from God, For no one could perform the miraculous signs you are doing if God were not with him," In reply Jesus declared, "I tell you the truth, no one can see the kingdom of God unless he is born again,", "How can a man be born when he is old," Nicodemus asked, "Surely he cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb to be born!" Jesus answered, "I tell you the truth, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless he is born of water and the Spirit, Flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives birth to spirit,, You should not be surprised at my saying, 'You must be born again,', The wind blows wherever it pleases, You hear its sound, but you cannot tell where it comes from or where it is going, So it is with everyone born of the Spirit," -------------------------------------------- , John 3:1-8 (King James Version) 1There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: 2The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him, 3Jesus answered and said unto him, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God, 4Nicodemus saith unto him, How can a man be born when he is old, can he enter the second time into his mother's womb, and be born, 5Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God, 6That which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit, 7Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again, 8The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth: so is every one that is born of the Spirit, , =================================================== , The Sons of the Lord God in the Quran (20) , The Noble Quran says that the Spirit is of the command of Allah; it belongs to His knowledge, about which you know not, Also, the Quran answers back the disbelievers who claim that the angels were GodAnthropology in India' (Bharatiya Vidiya Bhavan Publication),The Arab traders/merchants who first landed in the North of the island called Serentivu/Serendipa as Serendip,,Let me give some examples of the Naga Kings who bore the Naga clan names,The first Queen, Anula (47-41 BC) was the widow of Chora Naga and Kuda Tissa, ugg boots sale uk She made Siva, the palace porter as her consort, Subsequently she poisoned Siva and lived with an Indian carpenter, Vatuka, a firewood carrier Dharubatissa, and a palace priest named Neeliya, all of whom she poisoned, till she finally ruled the country alone and continued to live an infamous life, She was burnt alive by Kuttakanna Tissa, the second son of Cula Maha Tissa, who found that he had the backing of all of the people of Lanka to put an end to such an ignominious sovereign, King Candamuka Siva (44-52 AD) the Son of Ila Naga married Damila Devi, Looking further, Khallata Naga (109BC) son of Saddha Tissa, Cora Naga (63BC) son of Valagamba and grandson of Saddha Tissa ugg sale (incidentally he was the husband of Anula (48BC) whose first paramour was Siva), Ila Naga (36AD), Mahallaka Naga (136AD), grandson of Vasabha (67AD) and brother-in-law of Gajaba (114AD), Kudda Naga (188AD), grandson of Mahaliaka Naga, Siri Naga I (184AD), likewise grandson of Mahallaka Naga, Abhaya Naga (231AD), son of Siri Naga I, Siri Naga II (240 AD) grandson of Siri Naga I, uggs store Maha Naga (565AD) etc, and King Siva (515 AD) the Uncle of Kirti Sena,,The kings belonging to the Tissa and Lambakarana dynasties that ruled the ancient Buddhist kingdom of Anuradhapura were Prakrit speaking Nagas, Dutugemunu, the national hero of Sri Lanka, was a Naga king belonging to the Tissa dynasty, His mother Vihara Maha Devi was the daughter of the Naga king of Keleniya, and his father Kavan Tissa, was the great grandson of Maha Naga, who established a kingdom in Mahagama in Rohana, Maha Naga's older brother, Devanampiya Tissa, a contemporary of Emperor Asoka, was the first king of the Tissa dynasty, Some of the Tissa kings who proudly bore Naga clan names were Khallata Naga (Dutugemunu's nephew), Cora Naga, who was one of the many victims poisoned to death by the amorous Queen Anula, Mahadathika Maha Naga and Ila Naga, Yasa Lalaka Tissa was the last king of the first dynasty that ruled the Anurdhapura kingdom,,A few known names of the Naga poets of Sri Lanka who contributed to ancient Tamil literature are Elaththu Pootha Thevanar (whose compositions are included in anthologies known as Nattrinai, Kurunthokai and Puranaanooru), Mudingarayar, Musiri Asiriyar, Neelakandanar and Ela Nakar,,On the other hand, the old Tamil names found in South India s membership because the coup ousted a civilian government, After assuming power, MusharrafMahavamsa', or Tika or the thevaaram that the ancient Tamil Saiva poet, Thirignanasampanthar sang on 'Theiruketheesvaram' and 'Thirukoneswaram' or the reference to Siva temple in relation to Raavana in Ramaayana or what Dr, Paul E, Peiris declared at a meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society or the remains of several Saiva shrines unearthed at Anuradapura, or king Sena1 (833 Vellalar' and the reason behind the introduction of Thesawalamei Law (adopted from Malabar Muslim Customary Law) by Dutch was to encourage the Vellalar of South India to come and grow tobacco,,It was Markus Vink, a Dutch historian who first mentioned quoting a Dutch Record, in an article published in the 'Journal of World History', the Slave trade was flourishing during the Dutch period (17th century AD), There was a famine in South India during that period and slaves were brought to Sri Lanka and to a few other countries from the Coromandel Coast in South India in 1658-1663, 1670/71-1689/90, Although he mentioned that, ten thousand slaves were settled in the South of Sri Lanka (Colombo, Galle and the entire South West) where cinnamon grew to perfection; he did not say how many were settled in Jaffna,,5,2, Cinnamon TradeFrom the time of the Portuguese, who had a monopoly of trade in spices, they developed the cultivation of spices in Sri Lanka and established a lucrative trade, Cinnamon was the staple export, It was 'the Helen or bride of contest' (as Baldaeus called it) for whose exclusive possession successive European invaders had in turn contended, Dutch Governor Rijckloff van Goens Jr, (1675-80) stated cinnamon is said to be the bride around whom they dance in Ceylon, If not for cinnamon, the Portuguese, the Dutch and the British would not have taken such interest in this tiny island of Sri Lanka,Other than for Cinnamon, coffee and coconut plantation in the South, the Dutch also used them for domestic purpose,Let me quote from the report of the Dutch writer Markus Vink:"In 1661, 10,000 slaves had been put to work by the company and by private individuals on the lands in South-western Ceylon, including 2,000 company slaves, In 1694, the city of Colombo alone had a slave population of 1,761,",The Sinhalese population increased exponentially and became a majority in Sri Lanka only after these people brought by the Portuguese ugg australia uk and the Dutch assimilated with the local Sinhalese population,Only those that the British brought in the 19th century AD and settled in the upcountry did not assimilate with the Sinhalese (even though they were highly discriminated by the Vellalar Tamils) because the British had a different policy/agenda and they maintained it till they left the island in 1948, (If given a choice, they will prefer to join with the Sinhalese rather than Tamils),,5,3, Vellalar DominationWhen the last Tamil king of Jaffna, Cankli Kumaran was fighting decisively with the Portuguese forces, Jaffna was well populated with Tamils,The C Sinhala version was edited by Ven, Hikkaduwe Sumangala thero (aka Don Niculas Gunawardhana), Ven, Hikkaduwe Sumangala along with Don Andris de Silva Batuvantudave have amended, modified, added and edited the Mahavamsa to suit the Sinhala race,,In the Trustworthiness of the Mahavamsa by Wilhelm Geiger the author says, I do not consider the final chapter 101 which has been added by Sumangala and Batuwantudawa, the authors of the edition princeps,,2,5, Sinhalese ConfusedMost probably due tomisinformation or lack of clear information, during the last few decades, the Sinhala Buddhists Nationalists were concocting many different versions of their history, some of them contradicting each other,There is one group that totally believes in the Mahavamsa, that about two thousand five hundred years ago, Vijay and 700 men (Aryans) came from North India, took Tamil Pandya wives (Dravidians) from South India and formed the Sinhala race,Another group, the followers of Anagarika Dhammapala believes the same but without the Tamil connection, that is, the Sinhalese are pure North Indian Aryans and did not mix with anybody,Then there is another group known as the Jaathika Chinthanaya (national consciousness) movement founded by Gunadasa Amarasekera(Sinhala writer/poet and dentist) that believes, about two thousand five hundred years ago, Vijaya Singh and his clan (Aryans) came from North India and landed in Hela Diva and mixed with the Hela tribes that lived in Sri Lanka and formed a Sinhala Nation under king Pandukabhaya, From that cross breeding the name Sinhala came to all the progeny of these immigrants (Singh + Hela = Sinhala), and the Sinhala race/nation already existed during king Tissa's period when Mahinda Thero brought Buddhism to Sri Lanka and during King Devanampiya Tissa's period the Sinhalese became Buddhists and the Sinhala-Buddhist society was established,,Today, another group of Sinhalese-Buddhists by the name Hela Havula (Sinhalese literary organization founded by Munidasa Cumaratunga) have created a new theory (Siv + Hela = Sinhala) linking Ravana to the Sinhalas and totally contradicting the Mahavamsa to say that the Sinhalas are the original natives of Sri Lanka (even before Ravana) from the four tribes known as Siv-hela (Deva, Naga, Yakka, & Rakhsasa) and not migrants from India as mentioned in the Mahavamsa, Their theory is purely based on the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabaratha, Some of them even want to add the Mahayana Buddhist text Lankavatara Sutta which is based on Ramayana to Sinhala-Buddhism,,None of the above versions have any archeological/epigraphic evidence in Sri Lanka or India and the present day historians do not accept any of the above as true, Till now, the actual history of Sri Lanka (Sinhalese and Tamils) is not likely to be concluded and we still have to wait for more archeological cheap uggs discoveries for any breakthrough,,To be continuedC to take part in the two-way gesture, Students who are burnt out from their college education thrice blessed' by none other than Buddha),,Confirmed that Vijaya and his followers (convicted criminals and non-Buddhists), the ancestors of today's Sinhala community, are said to have landed on the island of Lanka (Promised Land), exactly on the day he attains Parinibbana (his passing away), ,Made arrangements for the safety of Vijaya and his followers, He calls on Sakka (Indra), who in turn calls Vishnu (Upulvan) for divine intervention and help to protect his chosen people (Sinhala Jathiya) and their promised land (Dhammadeepa) and his Dhamma (Buddhism) for a full 5000 years,,Even though Siddharta Gautama was from a Hindu background, the concept of God in Hinduism (Brhama, Vishnu, Siva) is completely different from the (Brhama, Deva) in Buddhism, Buddha never mentioned about any Hindu Gods (Tripitaka), By introducing the above myths and attributing it to Buddha, the Mahavamsa is not only perverting Gautama Buddha's peerless Dhamma, but also making it an orthodox Theravada Buddhist doctrine of Sinhala-Buddhism in Sri Lanka ugg boots uk which ultimately has transformed the Gautama Buddha into a special patron of Sinhala (Mahavamsa) Buddhism, an ethnic religion (political) created in Sri Lanka, The outcome of the above is the Jathika Chinthanaya or Mahavansa-mindset [Rata (Sinhala Country) yana Buddhists from South India, All the kings who supported Mahayana were portrayed as the worst men possible, The biggest victim was Kassapa who was termed as a father-killer for a crime he probably never committed, There are still some Tamil Mahayana Buddhist establishments (Palli) in the east and possibly in the Jaffna peninsula, The best known was Velgam Vehera, which was renamed Rajaraja-perumpalli after the Cola emperor, Another was the Vikkirama-calamekan-perumpalli, The number of ancient Buddha statues found other than in Sri Lanka was in Tamil Nadu showing a strong presence of Buddhism,,1,4, Tamil Buddhist EpicsThe well known Tamil Buddhist epics found were Manimekalai, Silappadhikaram, Valaiyapathi, Kundalakesi, and Jivaka Cintamani, The lost Tamil Buddhist works include the grammar,Virasoliyam, the Abhidhamma work,Siddhantattokai, the panegyric,Tiruppadigam, and the biography,Bimbisara Kada, Manimekalai, a purely Buddhist work of the 3rd Sangam period in Tamil literature is the most supreme and famous among the Buddhist work done in Tamil, It also talks about the Tamil Buddhists in the island/Nagadipa but, neither Manimekalai nor Silappathikaram is a historical work,,Commenting on the very great popularity of the story of Pattini in Sinhalese villages, Dr, Godakumbura writes: "Literature, dealing with Pattini and the origin of the worship, is very large, and most of it has come from Tamil sources," He gives a fairly comprehensive list of Sinhalese writings based on the stories of,Silappathikaram,and,Manimekalai,,The ancient Tamil literature and the excavations (archeological findings) in Jaffna proves the existence of Tamils including Tamil Buddhists (Theravada and Mahayana) but there is no evidence what so ever to prove the existence of a separate Tamil Kingdom in Jaffna before the 13th century AD and the same goes to the Sinhalese, The temptation to consider that everything Buddhist in Sri Lanka is necessarily Sinhalese has to be resisted, as it must be remembered that the Tamils, Andhras, and Kalingas, also were at one time Buddhists, and had a very large share in the dissemination of Buddhist culture in the countries of South-East Asia,,The history of Sri Lanka, from the 3rd century A,D, to the 9th century A,D, is permeated with the influence of Buddhism and Buddhist culture, This includes from early historical times, the intrusion of Pali and Sanskrit languages and their spread among the ancient Tamils of Sri Lanka and their Dravidian culture, as well as the origin of the new language from Sanskrit, Pali and Tamil languages known as Elu/Helu (Sihala Prakrit),,1,5, Nagas (Chera/Sera), Pandyans/Pandu and Cholas/Sola (Damelas)The evidence of the presence of Nagas in Sri Lanka during the early historic period and how they freely assimilated with the Pandu (Pandyans) through marriage is fully corroborated by the ancient artifacts, inscriptions literary work and the Pali chronicles, The Pali chronicle Mahavamsa projects the Non-Buddhists as Damelas (foreigners/invaders) but still it could not help linking the Pandyans of Tamil country even in the genesis of Sinhalese in Sri Lanka indicating the strong presence of Pandyans (Pandu) during that period,, Let us not forget that the Nagas were not unique to Sri Lanka, in the early historic period, the Nagas not only occupied Nakanatu/Nagadipa in Sri Lanka but also Nagar-Kovil, Naga-Pattinam and a few other places in South India and as per Prof, Indrapala, both Nagas and Damelas were also moving back and forth between Sri Lanka and South India,,Today the Nayar (Nagar) from Chera (Kerala) are believed to be the descendants of Nagas, Dr, G, C,,Mendis, http://writernia.com/node/215479 http://writernia.com/node/215489 http://writernia.com/node/215487 http://writernia.com/node/215485 http://writernia.com/node/215483 http://writernia.com/node/215481 (Comment on this)
2:48 pm	ugg boots sale uk revolutionizing scholars' who translated and brought to light (or rather misinterpreted) the Sanskrit texts and Pali canon/chronicles ever attempted to do the same to the ancient Tamil texts and the writings on ola/palmaryh leaves which are believed to be destroyed when the Jaffna library was burnt, Some of them which were translated by Arumuga Navalar, Thamotharam Pillai and Saminathaiyar still wait for a comprehensive translation, The partiality in historiography by the British colonial rulers brought in new social gaps, confrontations and competition, With that started the Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalism spanning from Anagarika Dharampala's revivalist movement through 1956 "silent revolution to Jathika Chinthanaya and Sinhala Urumaya in the 1990s is interpreted as a teleological linear history, at the end, intending the ethnic crisis at present,,2,4,, History further TwistedContinuing what was written by the English, the Sinhalese historians twisted and misrepresented and misappropriated the civilization achievements of the ancient Sri Lanka as the history of the newly conceived Aryan Sinhala race,MAHAVANSAYA C the Carolingian Empire, The realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty started to decline after death of Charlemagne in 814 and split into three kingdoms in 843, History Of Georgian London Part 6 (1700 AD to 1837) I have many ancestors from London including Sir Christopher Wren and to this day I have many cousins still living in London, As so many Famous events and People were Born, Lived and worked in London which extends almost two thousand years, I thought it would be a good idea to tell its story and History in 8 parts and part six covers the Georgian era,The early years of the 18th century saw the birth of newspapers in London, The early papers, the most notable of which was Richard Addison's Spectator, catered to the demands of an increasingly literate population, Many of the newspapers that followed Addison put up shop along Fleet Street,The Georgian period in London coincided very neatly with the Palladian Revival in architecture and art, Lord Burlington, in his 1715 design of Burlington House in Piccadilly, played a major role in popularizing this classical style which became the norm for much of the century, A few years later, in 1725, Lord Burlington was at it again, with his remodeling of Chiswick House, then a country retreat but now part of the greater London sprawl,At the same time Grosvenor Square was laid out in Mayfair, part of the Grosvenor family's development of that aristocratic district, More London squares followed, notably at Berkeley Square (design by William Kent), Kent was also responsible for building the Treasury Building (1733), and the Horse Guards (1745),Theatre, which had been so popular under the Stuart Restoration, became a little too vociferous for the taste of the city authorities, In 1737 a series of satires staged at the Theatre Royal Haymarket so infuriated them that the Lord Chamberlain was given the power of censorship over all public theatre performances, This power was not revoked until 1968,For some six hundred years the only bridge across the Thames in London was London Bridge, of nursery rhyme fame, However, the growing city demanded more ease of movement, so the shops and houses on London Bridge were pulled down, and large sections of the old city walls destroyed, In 1750 a second stone bridge was added, Westminster Bridge,In 1759 the British Museum opened its doors for the first time, The museum was based on a collection of "curiosities" collected by the packrat nobleman, Sir Hans Sloane, When Sloane died his collection, really a jumble of oddments that happened to catch Sloane's fancy, was acquired by the government and put on display to the public,If the early Georgian period was influenced by Lord Burlington, the latter was the domain of Robert Adam and his neo-classical imitators, Adam was responsible for a spate of influential house designs around London, including Syon House (1761), Osterley Park, and Kenwood House,A year after Adam's work at Syon, King George III and Queen Charlotte moved into Buckingham House (later to become Buckingham Palace), St, James Palace remained the official royal residence,One of the biggest social revolutions in Georgian London was a quiet one, It was the popularity of coffee houses uggs uk as a forum for business, entertainment, and social activity, The London coffee houses were immensely popular, and certain houses became associated with different political viewpoints or kinds of commercial activity, It was in one of these coffee houses, New Jonathan's, that merchant venturers (read entrepreneurs) gathered, and formed what was to become the London Stock Exchange,Lest you think that religious strife ended with the demise of extreme Protestantism after the English Civil War, 1780 saw the outbreak of what we now call the Gordon Riots, The riots began as a march through the streets of London to protest the Catholic Relief Act, which granted basic rights to Catholics,The marchers, under the vociferous leadership of Lord George Gordon, let their religious prejudice boil over into a week of looting and murder, For that week Londoners lived their own version of the "Reign of Terror" which later gripped Paris, The Gordon Riots terrified the authorities and brought repressive measures against any form of protest or reform-minded writing,On a lighter note, Georgian London saw a new form of entertainment, the pleasure garden, become popular, These pleasure gardens, notably at Ranelagh and Vauxhall, were like outdoor amusement parks, complete with musicians and fireworks,Please visit my Funny Animal Art Prints Collection @ fabprints My other website is called Directory of British Icons: fabprints,webs The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about, We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery, Copyright , 2011 Paul Hussey, All Rights Reserved,, Cicero: The Eloquent Patriot of Rome The deed had been done, The "Dictator," as,Julius Caesar had come to be called, lay dead at the feet of a disgruntled Senate, The main instigator of the assassination, Brutus, raised his dagger and saluted the fleeing Cicero on the "recovery of freedom,"[1],This so called freedom had been Cicero's life mission, He made many contributions to the Roman society, many of which have been passed down to modern society, These contributions span the areas of law, oration, politics, and philosophy,Marcus Tullius Cicero was born in Arpinium, a hill town about seventy miles south of Rome, in the year 106 BC,[2],Cicero fell in love with all things Greek at an early age, and this tendency is evidenced throughout the rest of his life, He was seen as a gifted student in his early years and studied under the tutelage of a learned,Roman,named Scaevola, He spent most of his time learning from Scaevola at the house of Crassus, and in Crassus's house Cicero met a young Julius Caesar, Cicero also befriended a boy named Titus Pomponius while studying at the house of Crassus, It is from the letters between,Cicero and Titus, who later called himself Atticus, that we gain a personal insight into Cicero's mind,[3],Atticus published the letters from Cicero after Cicero's death, and many of these still remain, Cicero lived his teen and early adult years under the regime of Sulla and its proscriptions, This environment largely affected Cicero's views of government and politics, Plutarch says of this period, "But perceiving the commonwealth running into factions, and from faction all things tending to an absolute monarchy, he betook himself to a retired and contemplative life, and conversing with the learned Greeks, devoted himself to study,"[4]During this time he diligently studied the Greek orators, and from this study he became known as the greatest orator that Rome ever saw, Once the proscriptions ended, Cicero began his public career, He began by taking briefs at the law court in the Forum,Cicero made his name known by his performance in the Forum's court, His first famous case was his defense of Sextus Roscius, He openly opposed a favored friend of Sulla, and this is what gained him fame, It is also why Cicero left on a tour of Greece and Asia Minor soon after, His most famous law case was his accusation of Catilina, who attempted to take over the Roman state by force, Cicero had five Roman citizens executed without trial, but he was so popular that very few opposed his actions, A very far-reaching trial saw Cicero testify against a man named Clodius, During his time at law, Cicero held most of the major offices of the,Roman Republic, He became Quaestor of Sicily in 75, Aedile in 69, Praetor in 66, and Consul in 63, He used his popularity gained as a successful lawyer to springboard his political career,Cicero vowed to maintain a stable Republic, for he had seen what anarchy was like, "He stood for the rule of law and the maintenance of a constitution in which all social groups could play a part,"[5],Cicero's main goal during his consulship was to strengthen the Senate in anticipation of Pompey's return from Asia, The fear was that Pompey would use his popularity and military strength to gain an upper hand in,Rome, This fear was unfounded however, and Pompey disbanded his army before returning to Rome, Caesar had become extremely powerful as well and in 60 BC, he made an agreement with Pompey and Crassus that effectively gave them control of Roman politics, They tried several times to gain Cicero's allegiance, but Cicero refused their offers, He remained loyal to the Senate, and to his ideals of a constitutional Republic, His refusal to join the first Triumvirate ultimately led to his exile from Rome, Clodius, the man whom Cicero had testified against earlier, was made tribute of the people by,Caesar, In his new position, Clodius gained his revenge and passed a law exiling all people responsible for unlawfully executing a Roman citizen, This was aimed directly at Cicero for his role in the Catiline conspiracy while he was Consul, Cicero went into exile for two years, but was eventually recalled by a reluctant Caesar,[6],Following his return from exile, Cicero was more cooperative with the Triumvirate, He openly befriended,Pompey and sought to gain Pompey's allegiance and cooperation with the Senate, He sought to be "a disinterested mediator and bent all his efforts towards reconciling"[7],the various sects within the Roman political scene, The time was past, however, when he could save the Republic by his actions in government, He resorted to writing books as a means of carrying on his ideals,During the times of his political inactivity, Cicero devoted much time to writing, He wrote on a wide range of topics including rhetoric, politics, law, and philosophy, He largely influenced European culture by his translations of Greek philosophical works, He wrote many essays which adapted the Greek philosophers that had captivated him at a young age, He wrote to Atticus, "They [essays] are mere drafts, produced with little labor: I contribute only the words, of which I have a great abundance,"[8],The death of his only daughter, Tullia, in 45 BC pushed Cicero into a deeply depressed state, It was during this time that he wrote a majority of his original philosophical works, as well as his works that made the arguments for the various veins of philosophical thought (i,e, Epicureanism, Stoicism, or Academicism), His philosophical contributions were more appreciated after his death than they were during his life,Following Caesar's defeat of Pompey, Cicero was distanced from political activity, He was successful in gaining pardons for many of those who fought with Pompey during the Civil War,,Brutus and Cassius were among those who were pardoned, Although Cicero was sometimes consulted on political matters, it was during Caesar's rule that he spent the most time on his philosophical pursuits, Caesar's assassination at the hands of Brutus, Cassius, and the Senate, was largely applauded by Cicero,[9],His complaint was that they should have killed Antony as well, in order to regain sole power for the Senate, When Octavian was announced as Caesar's heir, Cicero began to form a line of attack that would gain the Senate back its power, He thought they could use the young Octavian to defeat Antony, Caesar's self-proclaimed political heir, and then dump him once the threat of another dictator had been averted, What no one, including Cicero, would expect was that Octavian and Antony would reach a power-sharing agreement, The Second Triumvirate immediately initiated a Sulla-like proscription, and Cicero was at the top of the list because of his obvious pro-Republic sentiments, He was captured and killed in 43 BC, His head and his right hand were nailed to the rostrum in the very Forum where Cicero had made so many brilliant speeches and cases, It is also known, however, that,Octavian, later Augustus, recognized Cicero as a brilliant and influential man, and regretted that Antony had been so bent on his death,Cicero's legacy as a multifaceted individual is one of the most known and most influential of the Roman Republic, He made many contributions to many fields and his long-lived fame is an obvious mark of his influence, Plutarch tells this story: An aged Augustus happens upon his grandson reading a volume of Cicero, The boy tries to hide the book, thinking his grandfather to be loath of Cicero's memory, The emperor, however, takes up the hidden book, reads it for a length of time and remarks of its author, "An eloquent man, my child, an eloquent man, and a patriot,"[10][1],Anthony Everett,,Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician (New York, Random House, 2003), 269,[2],J, L, Strachan-Davidson,,Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic (London, G, P, Putnam's Sons, 1925), 3,[3],Gaston Boissier,,Cicero and His Friends (New York, G, P, Putnam's Sons, n,d,), 123,[4],Plutarch,,Plutarch's Lives, The Translation called Dryden's, Corrected from the Greek and Revised by A,H, Clough, in 5 volumes (Boston: Little Brown and Co,, 1906), Chapter:,CICERO, < oll,libertyfund,org/title/1775/93972 (accessed on 29 November 2009),[5],Anthony Everett,,Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician (New York, Random House, 2003), 95,[6],Antony Kamm,,The Romans: An Introduction (London: Routledge, 2008) , 38,[7],Anthony Everett,,Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician (New York, Random House, 2003), 202,[8],Moses Hadas,,The Basic Works of Cicero, Edited, with an Introduction and Notes by Moses Hadas (New York: The Modern Library, 1951), xiv,[9],M, Cicero,,A Letter to Basilus, published in,The Basic Works of Cicero , (New York: The Modern Library, 1951,), 418,[10],Anthony Everett,,Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician (New York, Random House, 2003), 325,, History of Medieval London Part 3 (1066 AD to 1485) I have many ancestors from London including Sir Christopher Wren and to this day I have many cousins still living in London, As so many Famous events and People were Born, Lived and worked in London which extends almost two thousand years, I thought it would be a good idea to tell its story and History in 8 parts and part three covers Medieval era, In some ways the medieval history of London can be said to have begun on Christmas Day, 1066, when William the Conquerer was crowned king of England in a ceremony at the newly finished Westminster Abbey, just three months after his victory at the Battle of Hastings,William granted the citizens of London special privileges, but he also built a castle in the southeast corner of the city to keep them under control, This castle was expanded by later kings until it became the complex we now call the Tower of London,The Tower acted as royal residence, and it was not until later that it became famous as a prison, During the medieval period it also acted as a royal mint, treasury, and housed the beginnings of a zoo,In 1097 William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name, The hall was to prove the basis of a new Palace of Westminster, the prime royal residence throughout the Middle Ages, On William's death his brother Henry needed the support of London merchants to maintain his dubious grip on the throne, In exchange, Henry I gave city merchants the right to levy taxes and elect a sheriff,By the early 12th century the population of London was about 18,000 (compare this to the 45,000 estimated at the height of Roman Britain), In 1123 St, Bartholomew's Priory was founded in the city, and other monastic houses quickly followed,At one point in the medieval period there were 13 monasteries in the city, Today, these houses are remembered only by the names they gave to their area, such as Greyfriars, Whitefriars, and Blackfriars,The city played a role in the outcome of the struggle between Stephen and Maud for the crown in the 12th century, Although they initially supported Maud, her arrogant behavior when she occupied Westminster so angered the citizens that they rose in revolt and Maud was forced to flee London,In 1176 the first stone London Bridge was built, mere yards from the original Roman bridge across the Thames, This bridge was to remain the only one in London until 1739, Because the passage across this one bridge was narrow and clogged with traffic, it was much quicker and easier for travelers to hire waterboatmen to row them across the river, or transport them up or down river,In 1191 Richard I acknowledged the right of London to self-government, and the following year saw the election of the first Mayor, This right was confirmed by later monarchs,In 1245 Henry III began his lifetime work of rebuilding Westminster Abbey which was reconsecrated in 1269, The other major building project of the medieval period was Old St, Paul's, The cathedral was finished in 1280,In 1381 the city was invaded by peasant's during the Wat Tyler's Peasant's Revolt, Although the major complaints of the peasants were aimed at the advisors of Richard II, they took advantage of their occupation of London to loot houses within the city, The Lord Mayor, William Walworth, stabbed Wat Tyler to death in a confrontation at Smithfield,The London merchants supported Edward IV in his grab for the throne in 1461, In gratitude Edward knighted many of the merchants, A few years later in 1477 William Caxton made history when he printed the first book on his new printing press near Westminster,Daily LifeMedieval London was a maze of twisting streets and lanes, Most of the houses were half-timbered, or wattle and daub, whitewashed with lime, The threat of fire was constant, and laws were passed to make sure that all householders had fire-fighting equipment on hand, A 13th century law required new houses to use slate for roofing rather than the more risky straw, but this seems to have been ignored,The government of the city was by a Lord Mayor and council elected from the ranks of the merchant guilds, These guilds effectively ran the city and controlled commerce, Each guild had its own hall and their own coat of arms, but there was also the Guildhall (1411-40) where representatives uggs uk of the various guilds met in common,Many of the streets in the city were named after the particular trade which practiced there, For example, Threadneedle Street was the tailor's district, Bread Street had bakeries, and on Milk Street cows were kept for milking, There was also a very active livestock market at Smithfield,Plague was a constant threat, particularly because sanitation was so rudimentary, London was subject to no less than 16 outbreaks of the plague between 1348 and the Great Plague of 1665,The prime real estate in London was the Strand, where many rich landowners built homes, Lawyers settled at the Temple and along Fleet Street, The Fleet River (which was called the Holborn) was navigable by boats, and docks were set up at what is now Farringdon Street, The Fleet River was covered over in the 18th century,Please visit my Funny Animal Art Prints Collection @ fabprints My other website is called Directory of British Icons: fabprints,webs The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about, We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery, Copyright , 2011 Paul Hussey, All Rights Reserved, The Wars of the Roses In A Nutshell The Wars of the Roses were a complex set of civil wars which tore apart England in the 15th Century, The conflict pitched two sides of the royal family - the House of Plantagenet - against each other in a bid for the English throne, These two warring factions were known as the Houses of Lancaster and York,Following decades of unrest, the Wars of the Roses would eventually see the rise of a new dynasty which sought to unify the two sides; that of the Tudors,Here, history travel website Historvius provides a very brief overview of the Wars of the Roses, Click here to see a range of Wars of the Roses sites mapped out with information on each one, The Origins of the Wars of the RosesThe Wars of the Roses derived its name from the symbols of the two houses that battled each other in this famous conflict - the red rose of Lancaster and the white of York, Beginning in the latter part of the 14th century, the Wars of the Roses saw these ugg sale uk two houses, each a branch of the royal House of Plantagenet, fight for the throne,It all began in 1399, when Henry of Bolingbroke, the exiled Duke of Lancaster deposed King Richard II, As a result, Henry was crowned Henry IV and the House of Lancaster was in the ascendency,Whilst rumblings of discontent were sounded at this coup, Henry IV remained king and passed the crown to his son, King Henry V, whose short reign saw great military success over France and general acclaim for the King, However, it was when Henry V died unexpectedly that things began to unravel, as his son and heir was only nine months old,,The Wars of the Roses: He Who Controls the King Controls the CrownHenry's son - King Henry VI - was crowned while still a baby, Unable to rule in his own right, Henry VI was controlled by advisors who many believed were corrupt, and the child-king grew to become a mentally unstable and unpopular monarch, Thus it was that, even as an adult, Henry VI was an ineffectual and weak leader who was seen to be easily manipulated by his partisan advisors,In amidst the dissatisfaction with this Lancastrian king, Richard, Duke of York, came to the fore, Disliking what he saw as negative influences on the king, he planned to gain control of the king's decisions, Richard, who in fact had a better claim to the throne than the king himself, raised an army, His initial aim was not to become king himself, but to control the actions of the existing monarch,The Duke of York would find many obstacles in his way, The king's courtiers wanted to maintain their position of supremacy, his formidable wife, Queen Margaret of Anjou wanted to ensure her son's place as heir and these forces were determined to stop the Duke of York from ruling through the king, The stage was set,,A Tug of War: The First War of the Wars of the Roses (1455Connor, son of the King of Connaught acknowledged Brian Oincluding the "Most Successful Entertainer of All Time" proper inhabitants' of the island in ancient times and that the Tamils were invaders came to dominate colonial historical writings, In addition, since the Sinhala language was more of Indo-Aryan in nature, the British declared that the Sinhalese were Aryans from North India and the Tamils were Dravidians from South India, In recent years, several anthropologists and historians have shown how this perspective came to be developed in the colonial writings, It was only in the 19th century AD, the Sinhalese started to believe the myth that they are Aryans from North India and the proper inhabitants of Sri Lanka where as the Tamils are Dravidians and outsiders,,It is important to note that the Aryan theory was not merely something imposed from above by Orientalist Ol Man River, the theme song of the play, Showboat, which later became a movie musical, Robeson's spirituals became widely known and appreciated, By the 1930's he often refused to sing before segregated audiences, During his travels to Europe, where he lived for 11 years in the late 1920's to the late 1930's, Robeson visited Russia, There he won the International Stalin Peace Prize in 1952 during the McCarthy years, which brought him to the attention of the anti-communist committee hearings in the Senate during those years, Although Robeson declared that he was a socialist, as opposed to communist, but he was painted with the brush of the latter, Concert dates were cancelled, and Robeson became vilified to the extent that he was seldom given much press or recognition for later achievements, Robeson's passport had been taken away from him in 1950 so that he had been unable to leave the country until the Supreme Court ruling on another case like his and his passport restored, By then he had lost his status and his money, became seriously depressed, and tried twice to commit suicide, according to a music historian who wrote about his life, RobesonEarly Tamil Epigraphy', which has been included in the prestigious Harvard Oriental Series, where he points out the occurrence of all the special sounds of early Tamil Brahmi letters among early Lankan Brahmi inscriptions,In the 19th century AD, Wilhelm Geiger who translated the Mahavamsa studied the language of the inscriptions/island at various time intervals and gave some name labels, He labeled the earliest Prakrit/Sanskrit language spoken in the island as Prakrit-Sinhala but a somewhat developed Elu/Helu/Sihala language was found for the first time only on the 8th century AD Sigiri mirror wall and not before that, Sanskrit, Pali, Tamil and a very few words from unknown origin appear to have influenced the formation/evolution of the Elu/Helu language,,1,9,Outdated HistoryThe 1965 PhD Student Mr, K, IndrapalaIt is surprising that, like many pseudo-scholars, even Mr, Bandu de Silva says, Indrapala original uggs has had no reasons to alter the pronouncements he made in his 1965 PhD though he came under heavy ethnic pressure to rewrite history as the facts had not changed,In any historical research, it is natural to change the views and assumptions, because up to now, we have no definite answers to so many unanswered questions in the fields of Archaeology, history, anthropology, epigraphy and etymology in Sri Lanka, Furthermore, daily we stumble across several new findings and they contribute to new historical vistas, Therefore, based on new facts, one's earlier conclusion has to be compromised to adopt changes, History is a continuous process of investigation without any end in sight,,For example, for the last 40 years, the Sinhalese Pseudo-historians and bogus scholars (charlatans) had been using the Tamil PhD student Mr, Karthigesu Indrapala's 1965 PhD thesis which was not in favour of the Tamils as a guide in all their arguments/writings, When the well renowned and recognized former History professor of the Jaffna University, the same Prof,, Karthigesu Indrapala retired from his profession after 30 years of research as a Senior Archaeologist/Historian/epigraphist and a University Don, Prof, K, Indrapala published a book in 2005; 40 years after his 1965 PhD thesis where he says his PhD dissertation is completely out of date that even he does not have a copy of his 1965 PhD thesis what he wrote 40 years ago as a PhD student, It is absolutely natural that people change their opinions upon new findings (not ethnic pressure) but the bogus scholars (charlatans) want to still continue to quote the obsolete theories what Indrapala himself has abandoned,,This is what Prof K, Indrapala says about his 1965 thesis: I was planning my postgraduate research, the late Prof, W,J,F, LaBrooy, my revered teacher and, at that time, Head of the department of History at the University, advised me to research into the early history of the Tamils of Sri Lanka for my doctoral dissertation, as he considered this aspect to be a serious gap in the known history of the Island, The thesis was completed with the material that was available in the early 1960s, As long as excavation work remains undone, I pointed out; much that is relevant to our study will be wanting,,, Even the inscriptions and literary works that we have used have proved to be inadequate in the reconstruction of a satisfactory history of the settlements and in the solution of many important problems, The thesis was presented as the first major attempt to bring together all available evidence on the subject, THE FACT THAT IT WAS IN NO WAY A COMPLETE STUDY WAS ADMITTED, In view of these limitations and difficulties, while we may claim to have added something to our knowledge of the history of the Tamils of Ceylon, the account presented here is inevitably incomplete and not always definite, We have often been led to state our conclusions in hypothetical terms, NEEDLESS TO SAY, THAT DISSERTATION IS NOW COMPLETELY OUT OF DATE, MY OWN PERSPECTIVES AND INTERPRETATIONS HAVE CHANGED SINCE ITS COMPLETION, More importantly, significant developments, both in terms of archaeological research and changing historical perspectives, have taken place in the last four decades,,Nilakanta SastriAnother Historian that the Sinhalese Pseudo-scholars always quote is Nilakanta Sastri of Tamil Nadu, Nilakanta Sastri's historical research was over 50 years old, According to historians/scholars in Tamil Nadu, Nilakanta Sastri's Tamil proficiency was not good and he relied on others for understanding Tamil literary works, Thus he was not able to analyze the changing meaning of words over time, They say, the professional historiography in Tamil Nadu practiced during K, A, Nilakanta Sastri's period there was rarely any interrogation of sources,,Dr, ParanavithanaDr, Senerath Paranavitana, an Archaeological Commissioner, was a dominating figure in archaeology, epigraphy, and ancient history of Lanka for more than fifty years during the last century, For him, the Mahavamsa was like a holy book, Instead of giving primacy to archaeology and epigraphy, and supplementing his findings with material from the Mahavamsa, he was trying his best to interpret archaeology and epigraphy in the light of the Mahavamsa, His research was one sided (biased), beginning with the conclusion (Mahavamsa), he was only finding evidence to prove his conclusion,, If the archaeological/epigraphical findings did not match the conclusion (Mahavamsa) he redefined/misinterpreted them using his own theories, assumptions, hypothesis and analogies to prove that the Mahavamsa was right,,On his retirement as Archaeological Commissioner, he was appointed as Professor of Archaeology in the University of Ceylon (the only university in Lanka at that time) for a short period, The University of Ceylon had a project for publishing an authoritative history of the country and Prof, Paranavitana functioned as its editor, He was adopting the Mahavamsa as his guide, especially for the early period of Lankan history, He himself admitted that he had rejected some portions of a Tamil contributor to the volume on the ancient period of Lankan history, because those portions didn't fit into what he considered Lankan history (Mahavamsa),Prof, Paranavitana was a non-Buddhist but today we have people like Ven, Ellawala Medhananda Thero, the former leader of Jathika Hela Urumaya,doing archaeological,research especially in the Northern and Eastern provinces, Tamil ancient inscriptions, Hindu deity statues, and other artefacts found in favour of Tamils, suddenly disappearing is not a surprise,,2,,,,,, The British and the MahavamsaIt was only in the 19th century AD, the British re-discovered the Mahavamsa, The first printed edition and English translation of the Mahavansha was published in 1837 by George Turnour, an historian and officer of the Ceylon Civil Service, A German translation of Mahavansha was completed by Wilhelm Geiger in 1912, This was then translated into English by Mabel Haynes Bode, and the English translation was revised by Geiger, English historians who wrote on Sri Lankan history are also responsible for the misrepresentation of Sri Lankan history as Sinhalese history,,Prof, K, Indrapala says in his book, House of Ideas' established by Collier's magazine in Rockefeller Center as an inspiration for customers,In 1941, Risom and Knoll conducted a nation wide research in an attempt to understand the potential market for a new line of products that Risom would design and Knoll would market, Hans Knoll Furniture Company was born in 1942, with Risom providing the first fifteen pieces for the inaugural Knoll catalogue, These pieces included stools, armchairs and lounges, The chairs, made from cedar wood and other exotic materials, are considered classics, This work reinforced Risom's identity as a combination of well-designed, simple Scandinavian style and smooth American angles and curves,After returning from World War II, Risom rejoined Hans Knoll briefly before leaving to start his own establishment, Jens Risom, Inc, The firm established ugg australia sale uk the brand name, Risom, as the answer to America's quest for well crafted and well designed modern furniture, Risom gained fame by designing furniture for prominent clients such as Richard Avedon and George Jensen, In the 1940s, he fashioned cabinets for cottages being built by Levitt and Sons on Long Island,Due to an overwhelming response, Jens Risom, Inc, was forced to expand its factory in 1954, In the 1960s, the company diversified into the production of office, library and hospital furniture, Risom sold his company to Dictaphone Corporation in 1970, and moved on to pursue new interests through his consulting company, Design Control in Connecticut,In recognition of his achievements, Risom has been honored with a number of awards, In 1961, Playboy Magazine profiled him as a designer who was ugg boots sale uk revolutionizing furniture in America, His chairs feature prominently in the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, the Museum of Art and Design in Yale, the Brooklyn Museum, the Modern Art Museum in New York and the R,I,S,D, Museum in Providence, In 1996, Denmark's Queen Margrethe knighted Risom with the Danish Knight's Cross,Risom summarized his philosophy as follows, "Good design means that anything good will go well with other good things-contemporary or traditional, Furniture is not sculpture, nor is a particular design created only for visual appeal, Furniture should clearly satisfy the requirements, It should be respected, enjoyed and used," Hero of the Year' C Aagama (Sinhala Buddhist Religion] which has manifested into Sinhala-Buddhist Ultra-nationalist chauvinism today,,4,2, Racial FactorThe fourth important step, Mahavamsa justifies (Non-Buddhist/Tamil killing) by attributing it to a [Buddhist] Arahant who equates the killing of sixty thousand Tamils by DutuGemunu to a mere one and a half human, indicating that it is no crime in killing thousands of Tamils, Mr, Bandu De Silva says, as a frequent reader of Bhagavad Gita, Ven, Mahanama must have adopted this concept from the Gita, Of course, as I mentioned in my article, he has adopted many concepts from the Indian epics but unfortunately the present day Sinhalese do not know the stories in Gita, they only believe the Arahant's words as the gospel truth that killing sixty thousand Tamils is equal to killing only one-and-a-half human (the reason why others/non-Buddhists think that Sinhala-Buddhism is somewhat of a violent barbaric form of Buddhism where killing Tamils is justified), This demonstrates that there has been substantial anti-Tamil (Saiva) sentiment for centuries and it provides ready fodder for contemporary Sinhalese propagandists,, Even the great Buddhist/Pali scholar Dr, Walpola Rahula thero uses this incident without questioning its veracity in his defense of Sinhalese nationalism, If an Arahant can utter such racial statements, it is not rocket science for us to understand why the present day Buddhist monks are engaged in racial politics, Still I do not consider Ven, Mahanama was a racist or his doctrine was racist but it has definitely influenced racism in today's Sinhalese society,,Here is what we read in the,Dipavamsa, (Ch, XVIII, vv, 47-50),,v, 47,,,"The,Damilas,,Sena,and,Guttaka, capturing,Sura,Tissa, ruled righteously for twenty-two years,",v, 48,,,"Prince,Asela, son of,Mutasiva, killing,Sena,and,Guttaka,ruled for ten years,",v, 49,,,"The Prince named,Elara,killing,Asela,ruled righteously for forty-four years,",v, 50,,,"Avoiding the paths of desire, hatred, fear and delusion, he ruled righteously being incomparable,",Of course, Prince Duttugemunu killed Elara and ruled after him, Curiously enough the,Dipavamsa, the earlier of the two old,Pali,Chronicles, makes no mention of a war between,Elara,and,Duttugemunu, (a tale apparently fabricated to counteract the Saiva,revival that was fast spreading through the Tamil country during this period),,,The graphically and romantically described campaigns occupying a large section of the,Mahavamsa,were written a century later than the,Dipavamsa, and about 900 years after the time of,Elara,,,It was evidently invented for the edification of the pious in,Sri Lanka,and to protect the faith from Saiva (Tamil) revivalists, Unfortunately today, it is considered as a Sinhala-Tamil war, Neither the Pali chronicles nor does the epigraphy say Duttugemunu was a Sinhala, Why abuse the good old Tamil Kings when our Sinhalese brethren, who lay exclusive claim to this,Island, have a feeble case to support their make-belief,,If we turn to the later chronicles the Pujavali (13th century A,D,), the Rajaratnakara (16th century A,D,), and the Rajavali, (18th century A,D,), it is not likely that these writers had read either the Dipavamsa or the Mahavamsa, The names of the kings of Sri Lanka, the order and the details of their activities in these Chronicles do not always agree with those found in the earlier Pali Chronicles, The writers of these chronicles had probably heard by word of mouth of a war between the Tamil Saivite king Elara and Duttugemunu whom the Buddhist priesthood had traditionally held to be an early champion of Buddhism,, These chroniclers, themselves priests, give a totally different picture of Elara,, They represent him as a desecrator of Buddhist monuments and a destroyer of Buddhist temples, The author of the Mahavamsa, without doing any harm to the character of Elara as represented in the earlier Chronicle, the Dipavamsa, guilds his hero Duttugemunu with a fabulous account of a long and glorious campaign (religious war of liberation) against the Tamil king, a campaign about which the Dipavamsa was totally unaware,,4,3, Sinhala-Buddhist OnlyAs I have explained in my article, the concept http://writernia.com/node/215479 http://writernia.com/node/215489 http://writernia.com/node/215487 http://writernia.com/node/215485 http://writernia.com/node/215483 http://writernia.com/node/215481 (Comment on this)